Background: DNA Sonification refers to the use of an auditory display to convey the information content of DNA\nsequence data. Six sonification algorithms are presented that each produce an auditory display. These algorithms\nare logically designed from the simple through to the more complex. Three of these parse individual nucleotides,\nnucleotide pairs or codons into musical notes to give rise to 4, 16 or 64 notes, respectively. Codons may also be\nparsed degenerately into 20 notes with respect to the genetic code. Lastly nucleotide pairs can be parsed as two\nseparate frames or codons can be parsed as three reading frames giving rise to multiple streams of audio.\nResults: The most informative sonification algorithm reads the DNA sequence as codons in three reading frames to\nproduce three concurrent streams of audio in an auditory display. This approach is advantageous since start and stop\ncodons in either frame have a direct affect to start or stop the audio in that frame, leaving the other frames unaffected.\nUsing these methods, DNA sequences such as open reading frames or repetitive DNA sequences can be distinguished\nfrom one another. These sonification tools are available through a webpage interface in which an input DNA sequence\ncan be processed in real time to produce an auditory display playable directly within the browser. The potential of this\napproach as an analytical tool is discussed with reference to auditory displays derived from test sequences including\nsimple nucleotide sequences, repetitive DNA sequences and coding or non-coding genes.\nConclusion: This study presents a proof-of-concept that some properties of a DNA sequence can be identified through\nsonification alone and argues for their inclusion within the toolkit of DNA sequence browsers as an adjunct to existing\nvisual and analytical tools.
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